The purpose of this paper is to analyse some aspects related to poverty alleviation of the most disadvantaged in an economy characterised by traditional agriculture. It focuses of certain issues of contemporary relevance and operational significance in specific Bangladesh context. The paper first examines the term “most disadvantaged” to draw its equivalence with usual poverty indicators like “nutritional deficiency”. The paper then goes on to examine some correlates of poverty and the prospects for improving the conditions of the poor. It is argued that because of the limits on alternative ways of improving the conditions of the most disadvantaged, promotion of non-farm employment is perhaps the only major way of alleviating poverty and improving the levels of living of the poorest. It is pointed out that research on non-farm employment is yet to address all the issues of relevance and that some of these need to be addressed urgently.